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The Library

Forty Centuries of Christian Writing

1780 works catalogued century by century, from the literature the Bible was written among to the present — each with a note on what it is, why it lasted, and where to read it.

201–300

The Third Century

2 works

251

Latin

On the Lapsed

De Lapsis

Cyprian of Carthage · c. 210–258

After the Decian persecution, an unsparing analysis of why so many complied so quickly, and a refusal to let confessors hand out forgiveness in place of the bishop and a period of penance.

Early Church · TreatiseFull text

c. 250

Latin

On the Spectacles

De Spectaculis

Novatian · c. 200 – c. 258

Against believers who defended going to the games by pointing out that scripture nowhere forbids it — and who cited David dancing and Elijah's chariot as precedent. Novatian answers that idolatry is the mother of all the shows, whatever has since been built on top of it.

Western · Letter2 Samuel2 Kings1 CorinthiansRomansRead elsewhere

401–500

The Fifth Century

1 work

c. 385–465

Coptic

The Discourses and Canons

Shenoute of Atripe · c. 348 – c. 465

The vast output of the abbot of the White Monastery, who ruled thousands of monks and nuns for eight decades: sermons against pagan landowners and their household shrines, letters disciplining his own communities, and rules enforced by beating.

Coptic · Sermons and rulesMatthewIsaiahJeremiah1 CorinthiansRead elsewhere

501–600

The Sixth Century

1 work

c. 525–550

Latin

The Penitential of Finnian

Finnian · 6th century

A tariff of penances matching each sin with its remedy, and prescribing that contraries be cured by contraries — the greedy to give, the angry to be patient.

Celtic · PenitentialRead elsewhere

701–800

The Eighth Century

1 work

c. 740–760

Latin

The Penitential of Egbert

Egbert of York · d. 766

A northern English tariff of penances covering perjury, theft, violence, sexual sin, and the eating of blood, with reductions for the poor and the ill.

Anglo-Saxon · PenitentialRead elsewhere

901–1000

The Tenth Century

1 work

c. 906

Latin

Two Books on Synodical Causes

Libri Duo de Synodalibus Causis

Regino of Prüm · c. 840–915

A handbook for bishops on visitation, with the questions to be put to each parish, and a famous canon dismissing as delusion the belief that women ride out at night with Diana.

Western · Canon lawRead elsewhere

1001–1100

The Eleventh Century

1 work

c. 1049

Latin

The Book of Gomorrah

Liber Gomorrhianus

Peter Damian · c. 1007–1072

An unsparing denunciation addressed to the pope concerning sexual misconduct among the clergy and the practice of confessors absolving their own partners.

Western · PolemicRead elsewhere

1501–1600

The Sixteenth Century

2 works

1541

French

The Ecclesiastical Ordinances

John Calvin · 1509–1564

Four orders of ministry — pastors, teachers, elders, deacons — with a consistory of ministers and lay elders charged with the discipline of the whole city.

Reformed · Church orderRead elsewhere

1560

Scots

The Scots Confession

John Knox and five others

Drafted in four days for the Scottish parliament, warm and narrative in style, defining the marks of the true church as the word preached, the sacraments rightly used, and discipline exercised.

Reformed · ConfessionRead elsewhere